Original proof in the cited forall x natural-deduction system Goal: from forall x(Px->Qx) and forall x Px, derive forall x Qx 1. forall x(Px->Qx) Premise 2. forall x Px Premise 3. Pc->Qc forall E, 1; c chosen fresh 4. Pc forall E, 2 5. Qc ->E, 3,4 6. forall x Qx forall I, 5 Freshness: c occurs in neither undischarged premise and there are no additional open assumptions. Replace the whole occurrence of c in Qc. Countermodel to Fa -> forall x Fx: D={A,B}, a denotes A, F={A}. Fa true, forall x Fx false.